Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking Relationship
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010881Keywords:
Metabolic Syndrome,, Cigarette Smoking,, Cardiovascular Disease.Abstract
Introduction: Mets a major public health problem due to its high frequency and associated morbidity, mortality. Lifestyle and habits have important role in the etiology of this syndrome. Cigarette smoking is very common in the world. The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of smoking on metabolic syndrome.
Method: Prospective, made as a cross-sectional study, 92 smokers, 94 non-smoker total 186 patients, who met criteria for Mets, were included..sociodemographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. Patients’ weight (kg), height (cm), BMI (weight (kg) / neck (m2), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference (cm), waist to hip ratio circumference parameters were measured. After resting for at least 10 minutes, all patients blood pressures were measured and ECG’s were taken. In ECG heart rate, PR and QTc interval were calculated. All patients blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting. From the received blood serum glucose, urea, creatinine, lipid panel, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen, insulin, hemogram, sedimentation rate were measured. By the method of Framingham CAD risk scoring, patients 10 years risk of CAD was calculated.
Results: Who have smoking habit waist circumference, fasting blood sugar and heart rate was detected significantly lower (P<0,005). This positive significant decrease was observed more pronounced in women. In smokers lower levels of HDL, higher PR distance and WBC values were observed as the negative part (P<0.05). A statistically significant decrease in HDL levels in men was observed (P<0,05). For PR distance a significant increase in women was observed (P<0,05).A significant difference was not observed in TG, CRP, blood pressure, fibrinogen, HOMA index, the QT interval between the two groups(P>0,05).
Conclusion: Considering the effects of smoking in terms of metabolic syndrome, smoking was thought as protective in both sexes but particularly for women. It will be considered that clinically and statistically significant values about metabolic syndrome should cause reduction in risk of CAD. İnvestigating the mechanism of the improvement in metabolic values may be useful for the metabolic syndrome pathogenesis and its treatment. Therefore, further studies should be performed about the relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome.
References
Cornier Marc-Andre, et al. "The metabolic syndrome." Endocrinereviews. 29.7 (2008):777-822.
Onat Altan, Yüksel Hüsniye. TEKHARF 2017 Tıp Dünyasının Kronik Hastalıklara Yaklaşımına Öncülük. (2017):167-177.
Lann, Danielle, and Derek Le Roith. "Insulin resistance as the underlying cause for the metabolic syndrome." Medical Clinics of North America. 91.6 (2007): 1063-1077.
Onat A, Sansoy V. Halkımızda koroner hastalığın baş suçlusu metabolik sendrom:sıklığı, unsurları, koroner risk ile ilişkisi ve yüksek risk kriterleri.Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arş. 2002; 30:8-15.
Kapoor, D, Jones TH. "Smokingandhormones in healthandendocrinedisorders." European journal of endocrinology. 152.4 (2005): 491-499.
Cena, Hellas, Maria Luisa Fonte, and Giovanna Turconi. "Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome." Nutrition reviews. 69.12 (2011): 745-753.
Facchini, Francesco S, et al. "Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking." The Lancet. 339.8802 (1992): 1128-1130.
Slagter, Sandra N, et al. "Associations between smoking, components of metabolic syndrome and lipoprotein particle size." BMC medicine. 11 (2013): 1-15.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalance of metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287: 356-359.
Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (AdultTreatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
Öztuna F. Sigaranın hücresel etkileri. Türk Toraks Derneği Tütün Kontrolü Sunumları, 2003.
Masulli M, Riccardi G, Galasso R, Vaccaro O. Relationship between smoking habits and the features of the metabolic syndrome in a non-diabetic population. Nutrition Metabol Cardiovasc Disease. 2006; 16(5): 364-370.
Oh SW, Yoon YS, Lee ES, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(8): 2064-2066.
Valmore Bermudez 1 2, Luis Carlos Olivar 2, Wheeler Torres 2, et al.. Cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome components: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. F1000Res. 2018 May 10;7:565.
Wareham, NJ, Ness EM, Byrne CD, Cox BD, Day NE, Hales CN. Cigarette smokingis not associated with hyperinsulinemia: evidence against a causal relationship between smoking and insulin resistance. Metabolism. 1996; 45(12): 1551-1556.
Chen CC, Li TC, Chang PC, et al. Association among cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome and its individual components: the metabolic syndrome study in Taiwan. Metabolism. 2008; 57(4): 544-548.
Onat A. Türk Erişkinlerinde Sigara İçimi: Eğilimler ve kardiyometabolik etkiler. XXIII. Ulusal Kardiyoloji Kongresi. 2007.
Balkau B, Vierron E, Vernay M, et al. The impact of 3-year changes in lifestylehabits on metabolic syndrome parameters: the D.E.S.I.R Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2006; 13(3): 334-340.
Facchini FS, Hollenbeck CB, Jeppesen J, Chen YD, Reaven GM. İnsulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet. 1992; 339:1128-1130.
Satman I, Yilmaz MT, Şengül A, et al. andthe TURDEP Group. Population-basedstudy of diabetes and risk characteristics in Turkey: results of theTurkish Diabetes Epidemiology Study (TURDEP), Diabetes Care. 2002;25: 1551-1556.
Kang JH, Song YM. Association between cotinine-verified smoking status and metabolic syndrome: analyses of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2010. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2015 Apr;13(3):140-8.
Gupta V, Tiwari S, Agarwal CG, et al. Effect of short-term cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and lipid profile in asymptomatic adults. Ind J of Physiol Pharmacol. 2006; 50(3): 285-290.
Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda EI, Hashimoto H, Nagai, R, Yamakado M. Association between cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and carotidarterios clerosis in Japanese individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 181: 381-388.
Güleç S. Metabolik sendromda aterotromboz ve kardiyovasküler olaylar. Türkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci. Metabolik Sendrom Özel Sayısı. 2006; 2: 43-50.
Cagirci G, Cay S, Karakurt O, et al. Influence of heavy cigarette smoking on heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence parameters. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2009; 14(4): 327-332.
Seyfeli E, Duru M, Kuvandik G, Kaya H, Yalçın F. Effect of obesity on P-wave dispersion and QT dispersion in women. İnt J Obes. 2006; 30(6): 957-961.
Karjalainen J, Reunanen A, Ristola P, Viitasalo M. QT interval as a cardiac risk factor in a middle aged population. Heart. 1997; 77(6): 543-548.
Grandinetti A, Chow DC, Miyasaki M, Low P. Association of increased QTc interval with the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hyperten. 2010; 12(4): 315-320.
Li W, Bai Y, Sun K, et al. Patients with metabolic syndrome have prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc). Clin Cardiol. 2009; 32(12): 93-99.
Faramawi MF, Wildman RP, Gustat J, et al. The association of the metabolic syndrome with QTc interval in NHANES III. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008; 23(7): 459-465.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic an american Heart association/National heart, lung and blood ınstitute scientific statement. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006;21:1-6.
Ohsawa M, Okayama A, Nakamura M, et al. CRP levels areelevated in smokers buy unrelated to the number of cigarette and are decreased bylong-term smoking cessation in malesmokers. Prev Med. 2005; 41(2): 651-656.
Lao XQ, Jiang CQ, Zhang WS, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation and inflammatory markers in older chinese men: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 203(1): 304-310.
Wannamethee S. GoyaL, Gordon DO, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26(17): 1765-1773.
Asthana A, Johnson HM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking intensity and cessation on inflammatory markers in a large cohort of active smokers. Am Heart J. 2010; 160(3): 458-463.
Noriyuki N, Mitsuru S, Kokoro S, et al. Associations between white blood cell countand features of the metabolic syndrome in Japanese male office workers. Ind Health. 2002: 40: 273-277.
Dong-Jun K, Jung-Hyun N, Byung-Wan L, et al. The associations of total and differential white blood cell counts with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose ıntolerance in a Korean population. J Korean Med Sci. 2008; 23(2): 193–198.
Nobukazu I, Yuko I, Ei-İchi T, Ryozo N, Minoru Y. Association between smoking, hematological parameters, and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(3): 741.
Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, et al. Relationship between smoking, white blood cell count and metabolic syndrome in Japanese women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78(1): 72-76.
Onat A, Ozhan H, Erbilen E, et al. Independent prediction of metabolic syndrome by plasma fibrinogen in men, and predictors of elevated levels. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 135(2): 211-217.
Bruno G, Cavallo-Perin P, Barqero G, et al. Hyperfibrino genemia and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001;17(2): 124-130.
Imperatore G, Riccardi G, Iovine C, Rivellese AA, Vaccaro O. Plasma fibrinogen: a new factor of the metabolic syndrome. A population-based study. Diabes Care. 1998; 21(4): 649.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Acta Medica Ruha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
